Magic (Final Fantasy)

There are two categories of magic in Final Fantasy: White Magic and Black Magic. White Magic is the specialty of White Mages, but lower-level White Magic spells can also be used by Knights. Black Magic is the specialty of Black Mages, but Black Magic spells up to mid-level can also be used by Ninjas. Red Mages can use most of both Black and White Magic, but are unable to learn the highest-level spells of either school.

See also: Magic (command), or Final Fantasy item magic

Mechanics

The original NES version did not use the MP system that would become standard for later games in the series, but instead a variation of the spell slots system from Dungeons & Dragons. Spells are organized into tiers, and a character can learn up to three spells in each tier; learning a new spell requires them to forget one they already know. Each tier of spell has a number of charges, and casting a spell of that tier consumes one charge. Spell charges are replenished by resting at an inn, or by using a Cottage.

The Game Boy Advance Final Fantasy I & II: Dawn of Souls port, and the PlayStation Portable 20th Anniversary port, overhauled the game balance, including changing magic to use an MP system where all spells have an cost and characters have a pool of MP that is consumed. These ports also added Ethers as a means to restore MP. Spells are still divided into tiers with characters only able to learn up to three spells from each tier.

While Final Fantasy distinguishes between White Magic and Black Magic, both are classified under the command "Magic" in the player's menus. The Red Mage groups spells from both schools under this command, and is still limited to only knowing up to three spells in each tier regardless of school.

Formulas

Hit determination

Base chance to hit starts at 148. If the target resists the spell element, base chance to hit has 148 subtracted from it. If the target is weak to the spell element, base chance to hit is increased by 40. A target can be both weak and resist a given element, which would apply both effects to hit (leaving a final chance to hit of 40).

Hit determination is done by the following formula:

Hit Successful if Random ( 0 ... 200 ) < [ Base Chance + Spell Accuracy - Target Magic Defence ]

If a status or debuff spell hits, it applies its status effect or debuff on the target. If a damage spell hits, it gains an extra damage bonus that differs between versions. Healing and buffing spells never miss.

Some status spells always hit if the target HP is less than 300 and the target has no resistance to the spell's element. If the target resists the spell's element or has more than 300 HP, the status spell will always miss.

Formulas for NES to Origins

Damage spells

If the hit was successful:

Damage = Random( 2×Spell Power ... 4×Spell Power )

If the hit was unsuccessful:

Damage = Random ( Spell Power ... 2×Spell Power )

If the target resists the element, damage is halved. If the target is weak to the element, damage is multiplied by 1.5.

Healing spells

When used in-battle:

Healing Amount = Random( Spell Power ... 2×Spell Power )

The amount healed is capped to 255 though this value can never be reached without hacking. Curaja does not use this formula and sets the target's HP to full.

When used out of battle, the amount healed is instead a set amount of HP plus a random value, both of which are tied to the spell in question.

Spell	Amount Healed
Cure	16 + Random ( 0 ... 15 )
Cura	32 + Random ( 0 ... 31 )
Curaga	64 + Random ( 0 ... 63 )
Heal	16 + Random ( 0 ... 7 )
Healara	32 + Random ( 0 ... 15 )
Healaga	64 + Random ( 0 ... 31 )

Formulas for Dawn of Souls and onward

Damage spells

The caster's stats factors into how much damage is caused.

Base Damage = Spell Power × Multiplier + [ Intelligence + Luck ] ÷ 2 + Random ( 0 ... Luck ÷ 2 )

Multiplier is determined by Intelligence. Multiplier starts at 1, then increases by 1 each time Intelligence surpasses the following numbers:

20, 30, 40, 50, 66, 82, 98, 114, 130, 146, 162

For example, 34 Intelligence grants a multiplier of 3. Having 99 Intelligence grants a multiplier of 8. Intelligence values exceeding 99 are impossible for player characters to attain, and only two monsters have these high values: Scarmiglione and Atomos.

When the target resists the element of the spell, damage is halved. If the target is weak to the element of the spell, damage is multiplied by 1.5.

If the spell hits (following the determination from above), an additional damage bonus is applied. The hit bonus is not affected by weakness/resistance:

Hit Bonus = Intelligence ÷ 5

If the target is a player character, their Magic Defense determines how much damage is reduced by.

If Magic Defense > 200, reduce damage by half

If 200 >= Magic Defense > 100, reduce damage by a quarter

If Magic Defense <= 100, reduce damage by an eighth

Magic damage is capped to 9999. This can never be reached without hacking.

Healing spells

The caster's Intelligence and the target's Luck both affect the amount healed.

Healing Amount = ( Spell Power + Caster Intelligence ) × Spell Accuracy + Random( 0 ... Target Luck ÷ 2 )

Job key

Knight	Ninja	Red Mage	Red Wizard
Kn	Ni	RM	RW
White Mage	White Wizard	Black Mage	Black Wizard
WM	WW	BM	BW

Black Magic

Name	Level	MP	Power	Accuracy	Element	Target	Price	Buy	Jobs
Fire (NES: Fire. PS: Fire1: Japan: ファイア)	1	5	10	24	Fire	One enemy	100	Cornelia	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts light(10-40 in NES/Origins) Fire elemental damage.
	Deals fire damage to one foe.
Thunder (NES: LIT. PS: Bolt1: Japan: サンダー)	1	5	10	24	Lightning	One enemy	100	Cornelia	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts light(10-40 in NES/Origins) Lightning elemental damage.
	Deals lightning damage to one foe.
Focus (NES: LOCK. PS: Focus1. Japan: シェイプ)	1	3	20	64	—	One enemy	100	Cornelia	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to lower one enemy's Evasion by 20.
	Lowers one foe's evasion.
Sleep (NES: SLEP. PS: Sleep1. Japan: スリプル)	1	3	0	24	Sleep(Status in NES)	All enemies	100	Cornelia	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Sleep on each enemy target.
	Puts all foes to sleep.
Dark (NES: DARK. PS: Fog. Japan: ダクネス)	2	5	0	24	Darkness(Status in NES)	All enemies	400	Pravoka	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Blind on each enemy target.
	Blinds all foes with darkness.
Blizzard (NES: ICE. PS: Ice1. Japan: ブリザド)	2	8	20	24	Ice	One enemy	400	Pravoka	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts light(20-80 in NES/Origins) Ice elemental damage.
	Deals ice damage to one foe.
Slow (NES: SLOW. PS: Slow1. Japan: スロウ)	2	5	0	64	Mind(Status in NES)	All enemies	400	Pravoka	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to decrease each enemy's hit multiplier by 1.
	Reduces all foes' number of attacks.
Temper (NES: TMPR. PS: Steel. Japan: ストライ)	2	8	14	0	—	One ally	400	Pravoka	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Raises ally's attack by +14.
	Raises one ally's attack.
Fira (NES: FIR2. PS: Fire2. Japan: ファイラ)	3	15	30	24	Fire	All enemies	1,500	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts moderate(30-120 in NES/Origins) Fire elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals fire damage to all foes.
Hold (NES: HOLD. PS: Bind. Japan: ホールド)	3	10	0	64	Paralysis(Status in NES)	One enemy	1,500	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Paralyze on one enemy.
	Paralyzes one foe.
Thundara (NES: LIT2. PS: Bolt2. Japan: サンダラ)	3	10	30	24	Lightning	All enemies	1,500	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts moderate(30-120 in NES/Origins) Lightning elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals lightning damage to all foes.
Focara (NES: LOK2. PS: Focus2. Japan: シェイラ)	3	10	20	64(40 in NES)	—	All enemies	1,500	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to lower each enemy's Evasion by -20.
	Lowers evasion of all foes.
Confuse (NES: CONF. PS: Muddle. Japan: コンフュ)	4	15	0	64	Confusion(Status in NES)	All enemies	4,000	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Confuse on each enemy.
	Causes foes to turn on each other.
Haste (NES: FAST. PS: Haste. Japan: ヘイスト)	4	15	0	0	—	One ally	4,000	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Increases hit multiplier of an ally by 1.
	Doubles one ally's number of attacks.
Blizzara (NES: ICE2. PS: Ice2. Japan: ブリザラ)	4	18	40	24	Ice	All enemies	4,000	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts moderate(40-160 in NES/Origins) Ice elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals ice damage to all foes.
Sleepra (NES: SLP2. PS: Sleep2. Japan: スリプラ)	4	15	0	64	—	One enemy	4,000	Elfheim	Ni, RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Sleep on one enemy.
	Puts one foe to sleep.
Scourge (NES: BANE. PS: Poison. Japan: クラウダ)	5	28	0	40	Poison(Poison&Stone in NES)	All enemies	8,000	Melmond	RW, BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Instant Death on each enemy.
	Instantly kills all foes.
Firaga (NES: FIR3. PS: Fire3. Japan: ファイガ)	5	30	50	24	Fire	All enemies	8,000	Melmond	RM, RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts heavy(50-200 in NES/Origins) Fire elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals fire damage to all foes.
Slowra (NES: SLO2. PS: Slow2. Japan: ラスロウ)	5	18	0	64	—	One enemy	8,000	Melmond	RM, RW, BM, BW
	Chance to decrease one enemy's hit multiplier by 1.
	Reduces one foe's number of attacks.
Teleport (NES: WARP. PS: Warp1. Japan: テレポ)	5	5	0	255	—	All allies	8,000	Melmond	RW, BW
	Return to previous floor.
	Transports party to previous floor.
Thundaga (NES: LIT3. PS: Bolt3. Japan: サンガー)	6	35	60	24	Lightning	All enemies	20,000	Crescent Lake	RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts heavy(60-240 in NES/Origins) Lightning elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals lightning damage to all foes.
Quake (NES: QAKE. PS: Quake. Japan: クエイク)	6	32	0	40	Earth	All enemies	20,000	Crescent Lake	BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Instant Death on each enemy.
	Calls an earthquake to swallow foes.
Death (NES: RUB. PS: Reaper. Japan: デス)	6	30	0	24	Death	One enemy	20,000	Crescent Lake	BM, BW
	Chance to inflict Instant Death on one enemy.
	Instantly kills one foe.
Stun (NES: STUN. PS: Stun. Japan: スタン)	6	20	0	0	Paralysis(Status in NES)	One enemy	20,000	Crescent Lake	BM, BW
	Inflicts Paralyze on one enemy. Always succeeds if the target has 300 or less HP and is not resistant against the Paralysis(Status in NES) property. Always fails if the target has over 300 HP, or resists the Paralysis(Status in NES) property.
	Paralyzes one foe.
Blind (NES: BLND. PS: Blind. Japan: ブライン)	7	25	0	0	Darkness(Status in NES)	One enemy	45,000	Onrac	BM, BW
	Inflicts Blind on one enemy. Always succeeds if the target has 300 or less HP and is not resistant against the Darkness(Status in NES) property. Always fails if the target has over 300 HP, or resists the Darkness(Status in NES) property.
	Blinds one foe with darkness.
Break (NES: BRAK. PS: Break. Japan: ブレイク)	7	30	0	64	Stone(Poison&Stone in NES)	One enemy	45,000	Gaia	Black Wizard
	Chance to inflict Petrify on one enemy.
	Petrifies one foe.
Blizzaga (NES: ICE3. PS: Ice3. Japan: ブリザガ)	7	40	70	24	Ice	All enemies	45,000	Gaia	RW, BM, BW
	Inflicts heavy(70-280 in NES/Origins) Ice elemental damage to all enemies.
	Deals ice damage to all foes.
Saber (NES: SABR. PS: Saber. Japan: セーバー)	7	25	16	10(0 in NES)	—	Self	45,000	Onrac	Black Wizard
	Raises own Attack by +16 and Accuracy by +10.
	Raises caster's attack and accuracy.
Flare (NES: NUKE. PS: Flare. Japan: フレアー)	8	50	100	107	—	All enemies	60,000	Lufenia	Black Wizard
	Inflicts massive(100-400 in NES/Origins) non-elemental damage to all enemies.
	Blasts all foes with light and heat.
Stop (NES: STOP. PS: Stop. Japan: ストップ)	8	30	0	48	Time	All enemies	60,000	Gaia	Black Wizard
	Chance to inflict Paralyze on each enemy.
	Stops time and paralyzes all foes.
Kill (NES: XXXX. PS: Doom. Japan: キル)	8	40	0	0	Death	One enemy	60,000	Gaia	Black Wizard
	Chance to inflict Instant Death on one enemy. Always succeeds if the target has 300 or less HP and is not resistant against the Death property. Always fails if the target has over 300 HP, or resists the Death property.
	Instantly kills one foe.
Warp (NES: ZAP!. PS: Banish. Japan: デジョン)	8	38	0	32	Time	All enemies	60,000	Gaia	Black Wizard
	Chance to inflict Instant Death on each enemy.
	Banishes foes to another dimension.

Gallery

Nintendo Entertaiment System (NES)

F1NES BlackWizard Cast Blizzaga.gif

FF1NES BlackMage Cast Sleepra.gif

FF1NES BlackWizard Cast Blind.gif

PlayStation

Fire1.

Fire2.

Fire3.

Ice1.

Ice2.

Ice3.

Bolt1.

Bolt2.

Bolt3.

Focus1.

Focus2.

Sleep1.

Sleep2.

Fog.

Slow1.

Slow2.

Steel.

Bind.

Confuse.

Haste

Poison.

Warp.

Quake.

Reaper.

Stun.

Blind.

Break.

Saber.

Flare.

Stop.

Doom.

Banish.

PlayStation Portable

Fire.

Fira.

Firaga.

Thunder.

Thundara.

Thundaga.

Blizzard.

Blizzara.

Blizzaga.

Focus.

Focara.

Dark.

Hold.

Confuse.

Haste.

Sleep.

Sleepra.

Scourge.

Slow.

Slowra.

Warp.

Teleport.

Quake.

Death.

Stun.

Temper.

Blind.

Break.

Saber.

Flare.

Stop.

Kill.

White Magic

Name	Level	MP	Power	Accuracy	Element	Target	Price	Buy	Jobs
Cure (NES: CURE. PS: Cure1. Japan: ケアル}}	1	3	16	1(0 in NES)	—	One ally	100	Cornelia	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Restores a light(16-32 in NES/Origins) amount of HP.
	Restores a little HP to one ally.
Protect (NES: FOG. PS: Shld1. Japan: プロテス}}	1	3	8	0	—	One ally	100	Cornelia	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Raises Defense by +8.
	Raises one ally's defense.
Dia (NES: HARM. PS: Dia1. Japan: ディア}}	1	5	20	24	—	All enemies	100	Cornelia	WM, WW
	Inflicts light(20-80 in NES/Origins) damage on Undead enemies.
	Deals damage to all undead foes.
Blink (NES: RUSE. PS: Blink. Japan: ブリンク}}	1	3	80	0	—	Self	100	Cornelia	Kn, RW, WM, WW
	Raises own Evasion by +80.
	Raises caster's evasion.
NulShock (NES: ALIT. PS: NulBolt. Japan: バサンダ}}	2	8	0	0	—	All allies	400	Pravoka	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Add resistance to Lightning-elemental damage.
	Reduces lightning damage by half.
Invis (NES: INVS. PS: Invis1. Japan: インビジ}}	2	3	40	0	—	One ally	400	Pravoka	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Raises Evade by +40.
	Raises one ally's evasion.
Blindna (NES: LAMP. PS: Lamp. Japan: ブラナ}}	2	3	0	0	—	One ally	400	Pravoka	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Cures Blind.
	Cures darkness.
Silence (NES: MUTE. PS: Silence. Japan: サイレス}}	2	5	0	64	Silence(Status in NES)	All enemies	400	Pravoka	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Inflicts Silence.
	Prevents all foes from casting spells.
NulBlaze (NES: AFIR. PS: NulFire. Japan: バファイ}}	3	8	0	0	—	All allies	1,500	Elfheim	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Add resistance to Fire-elemental damage.
	Reduces fire damage by half.
Cura (NES: CUR2. PS: Cure2. Japan: ケアルア}}	3	10	33	2(0 in NES/Origins)	—	One ally	1,500	Elfheim	Kn, RM, RW, WM, WW
	Restores a moderate(33-66 in NES/Origins) amount of HP.
	Restores HP to one ally.
Heal (NES: HEAL. PS: Heal1. Japan: ヒール}}	3	10	12	1(0 in NES/Origins)	—	All allies	1,500	Elfheim	WM, WW
	Restores a minor(12-24 in NES/Origins) amount of HP to all allies.
	Restores a little HP to entire party.
Diara (NES: HRM2. PS: Dia2. Japan: アディア}}	3	12	40	24	—	All enemies	1,500	Elfheim	WM, WW
	Inflicts moderate(40-160 in NES/Origins) damage to Undead enemies.
	Deals damage to all undead foes.
NulFrost (NES: AICE. PS: NulIce. Japan: バコルド}}	4	8	0	0	—	All allies	4,000	Elfheim	RM, RW, WM, WW
	Add resistance to Ice-elemental damage.
	Reduces ice damage by half.
Vox (NES: AMUT. PS: Vox. Japan: ボキャル}}	4	3	0	0	—	One ally	4,000	Elfheim	RW, WM, WW
	Cures Silence.
	Cures silence.
Fear (NES: FEAR. PS: Fear. Japan: フィアー}}	4	10	40	24	Mind(Status in NES)	All enemies	4,000	Elfheim	WM, WW
	Chance to reduce each enemy's Morale by 40, making them more likely to flee.
	Drives all foes away in terror.
Poisona (NES: PURE. PS: Esuna. Japan: ポイゾナ}}	4	3	0	0	—	One ally	4,000	Elfheim	RM, RW, WM, WW
	Cures Poison.
	Cures poison.
Curaga (NES: CUR3. PS: Cure3. Japan: ケアルダ}}	5	20	66	3(0 in NES/Origins)	—	One ally	8,000	Melmond	RM, RW, WM, WW
	Restores a large(66-132 in NES/Origins) amount of HP to one ally.
	Restores a lot of HP to one ally.
Healara (NES: HEL2. PS: Heal2. Japan: ヒーラ}}	5	25	24	2(0 in NES/Origins)	—	All allies	8,000	Melmond	WM, WW
	Restores a light(24-48 in NES/Origins) amount of HP to all allies.
	Restores HP to entire party.
Diaga (NES: HRM3. PS: Dia3. Japan: ダディア}}	5	25	60	24	—	All enemies	8,000	Melmond	WM, WW
	Inflicts heavy(60-240 in NES/Origins) damage to Undead enemies.
	Deals damage to all undead foes.
Life (NES: LIFE. PS: Life1. Japan: レイズ}}	5	20	0	1(255 in NES)	—	One ally	8,000	Melmond	RW, WM, WW
	Revives an ally from KO status with 1 HP.
	Revives one KO'd ally.
Exit (NES: EXIT. PS: Warp2. Japan: ダテレポ}}	6	10	0	255	—	All allies	20,000	Crescent Lake	RW, WW
	Warp out of dungeon.
	Transports party out of dungeons.
Protera (NES: FOG2. PS: Shld2. Japan: プロテア}}	6	20	12	0	—	All allies	20,000	Crescent Lake	RW, WM, WW
	Raises party's Defense by +12.
	Raises party's defense.
Invisira (NES: INV2. PS: Invis2. Japan: インビア}}	6	25	40	0	—	All allies	20,000	Crescent Lake	RW, WM, WW
	Raises party's Evasion by +40.
	Raises party's evasion.
Stona (NES: SOFT. PS: Stona. Japan: ストナ}}	6	10	0	0(255 in NES)	—	One ally	20,000	Crescent Lake	WM, WW
	Cures Petrify.
	Cures stone.
NulDeath (NES: ARUB. PS: NulMgc. Japan: バマジク}}	7	28	0	0	—	All allies	40,000	Onrac	RW, WM, WW
	Add resistance to Death, Quake, Paralysis, Darkness, Sleep, Silence, Confuse and Mind(Status in NES) element attacks.
	Enhances party's defense against death.
Curaja (NES: CUR4. PS: Cure4. Japan: ケアルガ}}	7	35	0	0	—	One ally	45,000	Gaia	White Wizard
	Fully restores HP.
	Fully restores one ally's HP.
Healaga (NES: HEL3. PS: Heal3. Japan: ラヒーラ}}	7	38	48	3(48 in NES)	—	All allies	40,000	Onrac	WM, WW
	Restores a moderate(48-96 in NES/Origins) amount of HP to the party.
	Restores a lot of HP to entire party.
Diaja (NES: HRM4. PS: Dia4. Japan: ガディア}}	7	35	80	48	—	All enemies	40,000	Gaia	White Wizard
	Inflicts major(80-320 in NES/Origins) damage to Undead enemies.
	Deals damage to all undead foes.
Holy (NES: FADE. PS: Holy. Japan: ホーリー}}	8	50	80	107	—	All enemies	60,000	Gaia	White Wizard
	Inflicts major(80-320 in NES/Origins) non-elemental damage.
	Damages all foes with holy light.
Full-Life (NES: LIF2. PS: Life2. Japan: アレイズ}}	8	40	1	255	—	One ally	60,000	Lufenia	White Wizard
	Revives and restores all HP.
	Revives one ally and fully restores HP.
NulAll (NES: WALL. PS: NulAll. Japan: バオル}}	8	40	0	0	—	One ally	60,000	Gaia	White Wizard
	Grants resistance to every element.
	Reduces damage from spells by half.
Dispel (NES: XFER. PS: Dispel. Japan: デスペル}}	8	35	0	107	—	One enemy	60,000	Gaia	White Wizard
	Chance to remove elemental resistances.
	Negates one foe's magical defenses.

Gallery

Nintendo Entertaiment System (NES)

F1NES WhiteWizard Cast Invis.gif

F1NES RedMage Cast Cura.gif

F1NES RedWizard Cast Protera.gif

PlayStation

Cure1.

Shld1.

Dia.

Blink.

NulBolt.

Invis.

Lamp.

Silence.

NulFire.

Cure2.

Heal1.

Dia2.

NulIce.

Vox.

Fear.

Esuna.

Cure3.

Heal2.

Dia3.

Life1.

Warp2.

Shld2.

Invis2.

Stona.

NulMgc.

Cure4.

Heal3.

Dia4.

Holy.

Life2.

NulAll.

Dispel.

PlayStation Portable

Cure.

Protect.

Dia.

Blink.

NulShock.

Invis.

Blindna.

Silence.

NulBlaze.

Cura.

Heal.

Diara.

NulFrost.

Vox.

Fear.

Poisona.

Curaga.

Healara.

Diaga.

Life.

Exit.

Protera.

Invisira.

Stona.

NulDeath.

Curaja.

Healaga.

Diaja.

Holy.

Full-Life.

NulAll.

Dispel.

Other appearances

Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade

Ability Cards

Diaga (SR).

Diaga (SR+).

Legend Cards

Diaga (SR).

Fira (SR).

Thundara (SR).

Thundara (SR).

Diaga (SR+).

Fira (SR+).

Thundara (SR+).

Thundara (SR+).

Final Fantasy Brave Exvius

This section about an ability in Final Fantasy Brave Exvius is empty or needs to be expanded. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.

Behind the scenes

Paralyna was originally slated for inclusion in the original Final Fantasy as a level 2 White Magic spell that would have cured both the Sleep and Paralysis ailments. Its name was also spelled differently in Japanese, as パララナ rather than the final パラナ.

Etymology

[view · edit · purge]Magic or sorcery is an attempt to understand, experience and influence the world using rituals, symbols, actions, gestures and language that are believed to exploit supernatural forces.